Interactive learning resources for Southeast Asian languages, literatures and cultures
Modal Enclitics Just as temporal enclitics give some indication about time in a sentence, modal enclitics give some indication of the mood of the speaker or of the way the speaker feels about the sentence. For example, the speaker may be stating something in a ‘matter of fact’ or factual way such as in the sentence: “I have a cat.” Or the speaker may state something as a wish or desRead More…
Temporal Enclitics Temporal enclitics are used to indicate time. The enclitic particles PA and NA are the most commonly used temporal enclitics, i.e., they are usually used to indicate if an action has started or not yet started. In addition, these particles may also encode other information in certain contexts.Another temporal enclitic that is frequently used is MUNA, roughly translateRead More…
Some Enclitic Particles: An Introduction Enclitic particles are words that are normally optional but when present give emphasis to certain elements in sentences. Just as the word particle means a small bit of matter, these words are typically fairly short. These words are not the main part of the sentence and can actually be left out (the word enclitic means Read More…